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Chronology
Africa
Africa

The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria has announced that it will be forced to cancel its 11th funding round, supposed to provide money for 2011 to 2013. The news could have devastating consequences for public health in Africa. By REBECCA DAVIS.

The Global Fund, launched in 2002, is the world’s largest funder of Aids, TB and malaria projects. About half of Aids drugs in the developing world and 85% of African TB programmes are financed by the fund. In short, the importance of the global fund to public health in Africa cannot be underestimated. Since 2002, 95% of its funding (about $28, 3 billion) has come from the governments of developed countries, with the remaining 5% from the private sector. On Wednesday the fund’s board, meeting in Ghana, announced it would be cancelling its next round of grant-making. It’s not pulling… More

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African Union

We knew that the African Union supported Kenya’s invasion of Somalia, even though this was only confirmed on Wednesday. But despite their cheerleading, the AU has also emphasised that the door is not closed to negotiations with al-Shabaab. This might just be one of their smartest policy pronouncements this year. By SIMON ALLISON.

It’s not as if the African Union’s feelings about the Kenyan invasion of Somalia were a secret, despite the continental body’s silence up until now. The very fact that it was not condemning Kenya for its interference in its wayward neighbour’s sovereignty was a form of acceptance, and in stark contrast to its loud (if ineffectual) protestations about foreign military involvement in Libya. But Kenya is not foreign, of course. Kenya is African. And Kenya’s invasion of Somalia is an African solution to a vexed African problem. So it was no surprise that when the African Union finally broke its… More

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Libya

After weeks of delays and negotiation, Libya’s National Transitional Council finally announced a cabinet to run the country. But the real story is not the appointments themselves, but what they say about how power is apportioned in the post-Gaddafi Libya; and how Islamists aren’t getting any of it. By SIMON ALLISON.

In announcing his cabinet, Prime Minister Abdurrahim El-Keib of Libya’s National Transitional Council sprung a few surprises. The foreign affairs ministry did not go to seasoned diplomat Ibrahim Dabbashi, who was Gaddafi’s envoy to the United Nations until becoming instrumental in organising Libyan diplomatic resistance to Gaddafi. Instead, the influential position went to Ashour Bin Hayal, a diplomat few had previously heard of, but who happens to come from an important region in Libya. A similar story with the hugely important defence portfolio. Abdul Hakim Belhadj was expected to get the job. Belhadj spent time with the Taliban in Afghanistan,… More

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Somalia

On Monday the United Nations Food Security Nutrition Analysis Unit lifted its "famine" designation for three regions in Somalia, but there was little to celebrate. The humanitarian situation remains dire. The Southern African response may be late, but it is certainly not in vain. By KHADIJA PATEL.

On Wednesday evening, South Africa began airlifting 264 tons of Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states’ food assistance to Mogadishu via Nairobi. In a statement released by South Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation, spokesman Clayson Monyela said, “Out of concern about the current situation in Somalia, SADC Member States, at the 31st Ordinary SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government in August 2011, passed the ‘Declaration in Solidarity with the People and Government of Somalia on the Famine Situation Affecting the Country’.” Monyela explains, “The declaration encouraged SADC Member States to assist the Government and People… More

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Gambia, DRC, Egypt

In the next week, three African countries - Gambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Egypt - are going to the polls in the busiest electoral period of the year. In theory, they’ll vote for new leaders - an exercise representing how far Africa has come, but how far it still needs to go. By SIMON ALLISON.

It’s been 16 years since Yahya Jammeh came to power in a bloodless coup in the Gambia, seizing control of the tiny country which is little more than an English-speaking splinter in Senegal’s side. He’s looking for a fourth term as president, and he’ll get it. As he’s well aware. “If re-elected for another five years, which I am 100% sure of, I will make sure that my government unveils new projects for Gambians every three months,” he told a well-staged rally on Tuesday, the final day of campaigning. He has previously claimed that only God himself can remove him… More

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Nigeria

Nigerian security forces delighted on Monday in a putting a Boko Haram spokesman they captured earlier this month on public display. This spokesman made the sensational claim that funding for the militant group came from none other than politicians aligned to Nigeria’s ruling party. SIMON ALLISON explains why, in the crazy, complex world of Nigerian politics, this makes perfect sense.

Finally, some progress however slight in Nigeria’s fight against Boko Haram, the Islamist militant group that’s been wreaking havoc and violence across north-eastern Nigeria ever since April’s presidential elections. Nigeria’s state security service paraded a man who they claimed was a Boko Haram spokesman in front of media in Abuja and told the world what the man had told them. What he had said was most intriguing, and a strong pointer to what lies at the root of the Boko Haram problem. No, not al Qaeda, as the US and other regional governments have believed. And not really Boko Haram… More

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Egypt

Egyptians have returned to Cairo’s Tahrir Square, and other cities, in the kind of sustained numbers that eventually toppled Hosni Mubarak. This time their target is the military government which replaced him, and they’ve found that the revolutionary fervour is just as effective this time round. By SIMON ALLISON.

Egypt’s interim military government is backpedalling furiously. At the first sign of serious protest against their rule, they responded in force; the kind of force that Amnesty International described as eerily reminiscent of Mubarak’s tactics. At least 22 people were killed, and over 1,000 injured over the course of Saturday and Sunday. But the protestors are still in Tahrir, and in other cities across Egypt, and their numbers have only swelled in response to the crackdown. Now the military have suddenly realised – the same way that Mubarak eventually realised – that these protests aren’t just serious: they’re revolutionary. And… More

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Ethiopia, Somalia

Ethiopia’s first invasion of Somalia was the major contributing factor in causing the complete breakdown of government in Somalia. It also helped to create Al Shabaab. Five years later, Ethiopian troops are back over the border, in force, hoping to make amends and make sure that Kenya doesn’t get all the glory. Chances are, there won’t be much glory to go round. By SIMON ALLISON.

In an echo of 2006, Ethiopian troops are once again pouring across their eastern border into Somalia. This is round two of the Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, and this time they’ve gone in to clean up the mess they made the first time round. Although the Ethiopian government haven’t confirmed their participation, multiple news agencies are reporting that eyewitnesses have seen 20 or 30 Ethiopian trucks filled with troops in and around the Somali town of Guriel. It’s unclear in what context Ethiopia is framing this incursion, and how significant their contribution will be, but the target is obvious: Ethiopia… More

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Libya

A day after capturing fugitive from the International Criminal Court, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan officials announced that Gaddafi’s spy chief Abdullah Senussi, had been arrested. By KHADIJA PATEL.

A month after, dictator Muammar Gaddafi was captured, shot and killed, his second son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was captured in Libya’s southern desert on Saturday. He may once have been the debonair face of his father’s regime, but a month after Gaddafi’s death, Saif al-Islam was captured in the disguise of a nomadic tribesman. He had grown his beard and wore the flowing robes of the nomadic Tuareg people. A far cry from the LSE student who had promised democratic reforms to world leaders and negotiated his father’s return from international isolation, Saif al-Islam is now the subject of an… More

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Egypt

The trouble in Tahrir had its roots earlier last week, when, after much humming and hawing, the military government finally announced how a new constitution would be created. Do whatever you want, they told Egypt’s revolutionaries. Except for these small, insignificant conditions. Nothing to fuss about. But the revolutionaries, of all stripes, were most certainly fussed. With reason. By SIMON ALLISON.

The concessions demanded by the interim military government were anything but insignificant, in effect creating a separate military arm of the state, not unlike the Turkish arrangement. First, the military declared that its budget should not be subject to any form of civilian oversight. This is no small change, especially since they’re still getting $1.5 billion every year from the US. Second, the military should not take orders from civilians, but from a “national security council” to be composed equally of elected officials and unelected military representatives. And finally, a substantial portion of the 100-member constitution-drafting commission should be appointed… More

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Sudan

We didn’t see this one coming. South Sudan has offered billions of dollars that it doesn’t really have to resolve its many outstanding issues with Sudan proper, its belligerent northern neighbour. Tempting, perhaps, for the cash-strapped regime in Khartoum, but a once-off payment won’t make the problems go away. By SIMON ALLISON.

The press release issued by the government of South Sudan wasn’t particularly detailed, but it did reveal an astonishing negotiating tactic from the new country. “In the interest of peace between the Republic of South Sudan and Republic of Sudan,” it read, “the Government of the Republic of South Sudan has offered billions of United States Dollars to the Government of the Republic of Sudan to resolve all the outstanding post-independence issues that include, but not limited to, the status of Abyei, oil, the international borders between the two countries, and security.” In simpler language: we’ll give you money, you… More

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Benin

The Pope was in Africa this weekend, visiting the little West African country of Benin which is producing priests a lot faster than anywhere in Europe. It seems the future of the Catholic Church is in Africa, and it looks like the Pope knows it. By SIMON ALLISON.

On the second day of his trip to Benin – a country referred to all too often in the international media coverage as either simply “Africa” or the “the heartland of Africa’s voodoo religion” – Pope Benedict XVI unveiled the Catholic Church’s Pledge for Africa. The importance of this document should not be underestimated, as it is the guide by which Africa’s Catholics are supposed to live their lives – and there are a lot of African Catholics. It tells them how to deal with the conflicts between tradition and modernity, what to think about HIV/Aids and urges peace, justice… More

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Africa

A special report in The Guardian exposes the “vulture funds” which prey on the world’s poorest economies, almost always African. Their practices aren’t technically illegal, and it’s easy money; as long as you don’t mind profiting from poverty. By SIMON ALLISON.

It works like this. An impoverished country will take a loan for a few million dollars from some other country. The creditor country, maybe facing financial issues itself, subsequently sells that loan to a company. That company then aggressively pursues repayment of the loan, along with all the compound interest it attracts, refusing to participate in any debt relief or reduction programmes. That’s what happened to Zambia. It took a $15 million loan from Romania. Romania subsequently sold the loan to a vulture fund for $3.2 million. Eventually, Zambia was forced to pay $15.5 million to the fund, which earned… More

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Libya

Libya’s National Transitional Council announced liberation on 23 October, but almost a month later the European Union warned the situation in Gaddafi’s last strongholds, Sirte and Bani Walid, remains critical. By KHADIJA PATEL.

When the United Nations Security Council voted in favour of a no-fly zone over Libya, it was described as a “humanitarian intervention”. Gaddafi’s forces were eventually defeated and the dictator himself killed - and 6.4 million Libyans, minus a few thousand casualties of war, were liberated. Long live humanitarian intervention. Yet, in the chaos of the new Libya the debris of the war has created a new humanitarian emergency. There are two prongs to this crisis – that of displaced populations in Gaddafi’s former strongholds and vast amounts of lethal weapons and unexploded ordnance. Weeks after liberation was announced, a… More

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Kenya, Somalia

It’s been a busy week for Kenya’s diplomats as they’ve flown around the world trying to secure international support for their country’s incursion into Somalia, where the Kenyan military is in the middle of an audacious (if overambitious) attempt to get rid of the threat posed by Islamic militants Al Shabaab. So far, Kenya’s shuttle diplomacy is paying off. By SIMON ALLISON.

After securing an alliance with Israel, Kenya focussed its efforts on East Africa, a move which paid off handsomely as Burundi and Uganda both pledged their full support and cooperation. This is important, because it’s Burundian and Ugandan troops that make up the African Union Mission in Somalia (Amisom), the 9,000-strong force which keeps Somalia’s official government, the Transitional Federal Government, in power. In effect, if not yet officially, this commits the African Union to supporting Kenya’s actions. Kenya has offered to add troops to the Amisom contingent, and called for other countries who have pledged more troops –Djibouti and… More

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Africa

American magazine Forbes is famous for its Rich Lists, profiling the world’s wealthiest individuals. Now it’s finally wised up to the fact that some Africans have serious bucks too. By REBECCA DAVIS.

This week Forbes brought out its first-ever list of the 40 Richest People in Africa, justifying it as “testament to the growing global importance of the continent”. The magazine explains that the list was worked out by using stock prices and exchange rates as of 2 November 2011. For privately-held businesses the methodology is slightly vaguer: it “couple(s) estimates of revenues or profits with prevailing price-to-sales or price-to-earnings ratios for similar public companies”. The criterion for ‘African’ is that the individuals must currently be citizens of African countries, which excludes wealthy African-born people who have subsequently emigrated. There are five… More

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Swaziland

The International Monetary Fund has been visiting Swaziland over the last couple of weeks, conducting a regular annual check-up on the health of the economy. Its diagnosis makes grim reading: this patient might be terminal. By SIMON ALLISON.

“The fiscal crisis in Swaziland has reached a critical stage,” said Joannes Mongardini, head of the recently completed IMF mission to our impoverished neighbour, in a statement. He went on to list a litany of problems – all of them serious, most of them seemingly insurmountable. The government is spending more money than it collects. It has R1.5 billion of unpaid bills. These unpaid bills are forcing companies that depend on government spending to shut down or lay off workers. Growth has slowed to a trickle (0.3% is the IMF estimate). And while the government is trying to deal with… More

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Sudan

Events are spiralling out of the usually tight control of Sudan’s President Omar Al Bashir and his regime. Letting go of the troublesome South has caused more problems than it has solved, the various rebel movements are uniting against the government and even Bashir’s normally placid northern subjects are getting jittery as the economy collapses. But Bashir’s biggest problem is that his default method of conflict resolution – sending in the guns – can only hasten his downfall this time. By SIMON ALLISON.

Let’s look first at the challenges facing Omar Al Bashir, the long-serving President of Sudan. There are quite a few of them. Closest to home, in the capital Khartoum and in various northern towns, there have been small, but regular protests against the government. These aren’t of the Arab Spring variety, being limited in size and scope, but are nonetheless an unprecedented sign of dissent from a citizenry that is always kept on a short leash by Bashir’s infamously efficient intelligence service. Much like Egyptians under Hosni Mubarak, Sudanese from the north of the country have put up with oppression… More

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Nigeria

It was an act of hubris, really. When Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan chose to award novelist Chinua Achebe, perhaps Nigeria’s most famous son, one of the country’s top honours, he thought it would be a glowing endorsement of his government. But like most acts of hubris, it backfired – badly. By SIMON ALLISON.

There’s a bit of history between Achebe and this particular award. He’s been named a Commander of the Federal Republic once before, seven years ago under the government of Olusegun Obasanjo. Achebe was unimpressed by the commendation then. “I write this letter with a very heavy heart. For some time now I have watched events in Nigeria with alarm and dismay,” wrote Achebe in a letter to Obasanjo explaining why he refused to accept the award. “I have watched particularly the chaos in my own state of Anambra where a small clique of renegades, openly boasting its connections in high… More

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Kenya, Somalia

Kenya’s not doing much to help itself. It’s Somali adventure is stuck in the mud, tensions are increasing at home and now the country has gone and made its biggest foreign policy blunder to date – allying with Israel, a move that will only make Somalis hate them more. By SIMON ALLISON.

Kenya’s incursion into Somalia has been met mostly with silence from the international community, most of whom are thought to be tacitly behind the military operation to destroy Al Shabaab. But, wary of getting themselves bogged down in a notoriously complex country (something Kenya does not appear to have thought through), no one is giving Kenya much in the way of direct support. Until this week, when a deal was announced to help Kenya secure its borders and train its police against threats of an Al Shabaab attack on Kenyan soil. Ironically, the deal came from the one country whose… More

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

Last weekend, President Jacob Zuma signed an energy deal with the Democratic Republic of Congo. Before your roll your eyes you should know that isn’t just any energy deal. It’s the one that’s going to save Africa. By SIMON ALLISON.

There was a conference last year, a particularly swish one, where someone in the crowd asked the assembled notables if there is a single project that has the capacity to transform Africa. The guests, a heady mix of Africa’s richest and most powerful men, with as many important women as the organisers could scramble together, were unanimous in their response: get the Grand Inga Dam right, they said, and the rest will follow. Mentioning the Grand Inga Dam in the right circles tends to have that effect. Bitter, thick-skinned activists go weak at the knees, their forgotten idealism briefly rekindled.… More

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Malawi

Rumours of Bingu wa Mutharika’s death have been greatly exaggerated, apparently. He’s just on holiday in Hong Kong and Portugal. For a month. In the middle of a political crisis. Without telling anyone. Not the Malawian president’s best move. By SIMON ALLISON.

It’s been a torrid year for Malawi’s President Bingu wa Mutharika. He had a diplomatic, WikiLeaks-induced spat with Britain which caused crucial aid money to dry up, there’s hardly any fuel in his country’s petrol pumps and he’s had to crush, violently, an incipient Arab Spring-style rebellion against his attempts to superimpose autocracy on Malawi’s still fragile democracy. In need of a bit of relaxation, Mutharika decided to take a holiday. After attending the Commonwealth Summit in Australia which finished at the end of October, Mutharika went on vacation, spending some time shopping (or receiving medical treatment, reports vary) in… More

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Zimbabwe

A huge arms shipment has arrived in Zimbabwe, courtesy of Beijing. Good news for one of the factions jostling to succeed Mugabe, but bad news for anyone who hoped Zimbabwe could peacefully negotiate the exceedingly difficult challenges facing it in the coming months. By SIMON ALLISON.

The Zimbabwean Defence Force has just taken delivery of 20,000 AK-47s, reports the Southern Africa Report. The arms were delivered from China via a circuitous route, avoiding countries such as Mozambique and South Africa where unions (not governments) have prevented arms shipments from reaching Zimbabwe before. But where and on who is the ZDF planning to use all these shiny new weapons? The answer, it seems, is in the details. Along with the rifles came 21,000 pairs of handcuffs – not a traditional military accessory. But very useful when it comes to crowd control and making arrests (or illegal detentions).… More

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Algeria

Terrorism is going pan-African as more and more reports emerge that two of the continent’s major terrorist organisations are cooperating with each other. But focussing on the international threat posed by al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Boko Haram might obscure their very local motivations. By SIMON ALLISON.

Algeria is the latest country to sound the warning about a continental terrorist alliance. “We have no doubts that coordination exists between Boko Haram and al Qaeda,” Algerian deputy foreign minister Abdelkader Messahel told reporters. “The way both groups operate and intelligence reports show there is cooperation.” And the Algerians should know. The Algerian intelligence service has a reputation of being brutal, but effective, and north-west Africa is their turf. They’re particularly worried about al Qaeda, which for Algeria does not mean the group operating out of Pakistan and Afghanistan, but the North African franchise, al Qaeda in the Islamic… More

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Sudan

Sudan made good on all its war-talk by bombing a refugee camp last week. Nothing unusual there, except for the fact that the camp is in another country – the newly independent South Sudan. Not that Khartoum particularly respects South Sudanese sovereignty. By SIMON ALLISON.

The gigantic Antonovs were a familiar sight during the south’s long, bitter struggle for independence from the greater Sudan. Sudan doesn’t have much in the way of sophisticated jet fighters, so for its bombing runs it uses lumbering old Russian Antonov cargo plans. These swept low over the targeted rebel base/refugee camp/village, rear doors open, and bombs were simply rolled off the back of the plane. Aim is by eye, and accuracy is not good. Four months after independence, an Antonov made another appearance in the skies above the South Sudan. “…there was a deep and terrifying thud of a… More

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Zimbabwe

A rather extraordinary meeting in Zimbabwe ended with both Morgan Tsvangirai and Robert Mugabe calling for peace in their troubled country. Bob might have been crying crocodile tears, but Morgan was very serious and not afraid to tell the world – and Zanu-PF – how he sees things. By SIMON ALLISON.

Zimbabwe’s Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai was in a talkative mood after discussions with President Robert Mugabe on Friday about the violence targeted at members of Tsvangirai’s Movement for Democratic Change. By all accounts, the talks were cordial, with even Mugabe saying the right things. “We have committed heart and soul that we ensure that our country is without violence. We want to live in a peaceful country,” Zimbabwe’s president commented, although it’s hard to take this noble sentiment at face value from the man behind the Gukurahundi massacres, Operation Murambatsvina and the farm invasions. But it was Tsvangirai who tackled… More

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World

Malaria kills about 800,000 people a year, most of them children in sub-Saharan Africa. And, while researchers haven’t found a cure, they’ve made a huge leap in our understanding of how the disease works - one that could finally lead to an effective vaccine. By SIMON ALLISON.

Before you can cure a disease, you must understand how it works. Much of the multibillion-dollar industry of vaccine development is not focussed on dreaming up a vaccine, but on discovering how a disease enters and then functions in the human body. Once that’s understood, a cure can be contemplated. That’s why the breakthrough announced by scientists from the Sanger Institute is so important. They’ve been able, for the first time, to pinpoint exactly how malaria enters the bloodstream. Once you’re bitten by the carrier mosquito, the researchers discovered that the malaria parasite relies on a single protein receptor to… More

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Kenya, Somalia

Pirates are nothing if not canny businessmen. According Kenya’s Business Daily, Somali pirates have dropped their ransom demands by as much as 50% in the wake of the Kenyan military incursion into Somalia. It’s a bit like a shopping mall sale, with the pirates trying to get rid of their stock before they’re forced to release it for nothing. By SIMON ALLISON.

Kenya didn’t go into Somalia looking for pirates. Its target is Al Shabaab militants. But Al Shabaab is intricately (if not directly) involved in the pirate industry, and the pressure on them has put huge pressure on the pirates’ supply lines. It’s also made the pirates wonder if they might be targeted next. As a result, they’re trying to offload their ill-gotten gains. “Pirates are keener than before to make sure negotiations for the release of at least nine vessels held in Somalia are completed,” said a manager at shipping agent based in Mombasa, who wished to remain anonymous, speaking… More

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Sudan

After a decades-long civil war was finally resolved with the secession of the south, you’d think Sudan would be ready for a little peace and quiet. Instead, Khartoum is threatening to re-ignite the conflict over an increasingly violent border dispute. By SIMON ALLISON (@simonallison).

The rhetoric from Sudan is getting more militant as conflict escalates in regions disputed with the now-independent South Sudan. Sudan’s President Omar Al Bashir made his threat explicit at a pro-government rally in Blue Nile State, which is one of the disputed regions. “We tell our brothers in the south that if they want peace, we want peace. If they want war, our army is there,” he told the crowd. “Our message to our brothers in the south is this: you won the south not because you were victorious, but because of an agreement and a pledge we upheld, so… More

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

Who needs an election when you’ve got plenty of confidence and a bit of bravado? DRC presidential candidate Etienne Tshisekedi pre-empted the polls by virtually anointing himself as head of state on national TV. What hope is there for Congo’s democracy when even the opposition favour the autocratic approach? By SIMON ALLISON (@simonallison).

“In a democracy, power rests with the popular majority,” Etienne Tshisekedi told viewers on live TV in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tshisekedi is one of two serious opposition candidates in the DRC’s upcoming elections, scheduled for late November, but plagued by logistical difficulties that might cause delays. He continued, in the third person: “Since the majority of the Congolese people is with Tshisekedi and trusts Tshisekedi, from now on, I am the Head of State. Regarding the elections, my message is simple as I have said. Starting today, it’s the Congolese people who are the authority of the country.… More

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