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Chronology
Africa
SA, Libya

The US wants to channel $1.5 billion of Muammar Gaddafi’s frozen assets towards getting Libya back on its feet. The money would be split between UN humanitarian aid, fuel for electrical plants, desalinisation plants and hospitals and will also pay the salaries of a future Libyan government. Only one country on the sanctions committee opposes the proposal –South Africa. By KHADIJA PATEL.

These days, to be a South African in the diplomatic world is to be very, very lonely. As diplomats and journalists scratch their heads trying desperately to understand what exactly informs this country’s foreign policy, South Africa continues to turn its nose up to the thrust of history. Every time a pressing international relations issue has cropped up this year, South Africa has forsaken convention and chosen instead the road less taken. In Cote d’Ivoire, the African Union, the United Nations, the European Union and the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) all explicitly supported Allasane Ouattara's electoral victory.… More

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Libya

In the end, Gaddafi’s presidential compound fell easily, and without the promised bloodbath - thankfully. His fighters melted away after some initial resistance, leaving rebels in control. But Gaddafi himself escaped, if he was ever there, and the Libyan Revolution still has a bit more work to do before it’s indisputably in control. By SIMON ALLISON.

The passing of all great political epochs demand their iconic moments. The collapse of the Soviet Union had the piece by piece dismantling of the Berlin Wall. In Iraq, it was the tearing down of Saddam Hussein’s statue. In Egypt, the icon was a place, Tahrir Square, the focal point of the revolution. On Tuesday, as the rebels stormed and captured Bab Al Aziziya, Gaddafi’s presidential compound, the Libyan revolution got its own iconic moments. Under Gaddafi, Libyans were afraid to even look at the walls of Bab Al Aziziya, meaning Gate of Excellence, for fear of being detained by… More

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Libya

It was all going so well. Most of Tripoli was in rebel hands, Gaddafi besieged in the tunnels of his presidential palace, and three of his sons in rebel custody. Then Saif Gaddafi – supposed to be safely in rebel custody –turned up in the middle of the night at the government-controlled Rixos hotel, flashing V signs and telling reporters this was all nonsense. What the hell’s going on in Tripoli, and who can we trust to tell us? By SIMON ALLISON.

Journalists at Tripoli’s Rixos Hotel have had a frustrating war. Trapped by their government minders, they’ve been fed a steady stream of government misinformation and been kept away from the real action. So they turned up to another press conference outside Gaddafi’s presidential complex called by the government in the middle of Monday night with low expectations. And then Saif Gaddafi walks in. This is the same Saif Gaddafi who the rebels claimed, with great fanfare, to have detained. The same Saif Gaddafi who was the subject of hasty and apparently presumptive negotiations between the rebel national transtional council and… More

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Johannesburg

Author and academic Stephen Chan has some firm opinions about politics in southern Africa over the last decade or so. And he maintains South Africans can't fully understand our own history until we start paying more attention to that of our neighbours – Zimbabwe in particular. By THERESA MALLINSON.

For anyone interested in southern African politics, Stephen Chan's latest book, Old Treacheries, New Deceits, is required reading. Labelling it “required” doesn't mean it's boring: Chan peppers the book with personal anecdotes from time spent in the Commonwealth Secretariat back in the 1980s, and it’s clear that he's privy to inside information regarding South Africa's mediation in Zimbabwe. The time Chan has spent living in various southern African countries over the years – not to mention his extensive research about others – means that he's able to view the region from a bird's-eye perspective, able to attempt to illuminate some… More

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Libya

The Colonel is out of Libya. Or he should be, if he knows what’s good for him. South Africa is a signatory country of the treaty that created the International Criminal Court. The lovely people at the ICC will want to have words with the Colonel, and South Africa will be obliged to help, so he can’t come here. Which raises the obvious question: where can the Colonel go after everyone stopped writing letters? SIPHO HLONGWANE weighs Muammar Gaddafi’s options.

Very few international villains of the “leader” persuasion have perfected the art of evading the fuzz once they get booted out of their countries. There is Idi Amin, who spent most of his post-presidential life in Saudi Arabia where he eventually died. Granted, he died a year after the International Criminal Court came into being and probably long after Ugandan ill feeling against him had waned. Tunisia’s former president Zine el–Abidine Ben Ali followed Idi Amin's example and took to Riyadh when his subjects decided that he’d overstayed his welcome. Then there are those who weren’t as lucky. Liberia’s Charles… More

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Libya

At the time of this writing, Tripoli is not yet fully in rebel hands and there are still garrisons loyal to Gaddafi in various places. Brother Leader has not yet been run to ground or brought before the International Criminal Court, let alone exile – although Angola has reportedly offered to be a host. Regardless, the maneuvering over what happens next is already well underway. By J BROOKS SPECTOR.

On Monday, Richard Haass, a veteran Republican foreign policy pro and now president of the Council on Foreign Relations, defined the new challenges. "The rebels – in effect a disparate mix (coalition would suggest something more structured than is the case) of individuals and groups, from former regime loyalists to liberal secularists to Islamists – have little in common beyond their opposition to the continued rule of Libya’s first family. Now that this goal is about to be realised, their disagreements could well take centre stage… What is also all but certain is that the Libyans will not be able… More

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“I’m perplexed as to where these questions come from,” international relations and cooperation minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane responded  to questions from journalists at a hastily convened press conference in Johannesburg on Monday. Dirco didn’t know where Muammar Gaddafi was, she claimed. South Africa has no plans to evacuate Brother Leader and the government is still stubbornly taking its cues on Libya from the African Union. By KHADIJA PATEL & SIPHO HLONGWANE.

The South African department of international relations and co-operation was caught abruptly off-guard by the rapidly escalating situation in Libya. After announcing on Saturday that President Jacob Zuma would travel to Addis Ababa to meet with the African Union’s high level committee on Libya, Dirco certainly did not anticipate celebratory gunfire in Tripoli this soon. While South Africa took time to offer an official response to the rebels claiming central Tripoli, rumours of Gaddafi’s whereabouts began circulating wildly. First, an overenthusiastic Libyan in exile announced Gaddafi had been shot. No sooner had this rumour made its way around the world,… More

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Libya

It took six months and nearly 30,000 lives, but Gaddafi’s regime finally collapsed as the rebels stormed victoriously into the heart of Tripoli on Sunday night. The battle’s not over yet, with pockets of Gaddafi resistance in the capital and the fate of Brother Leader himself unknown, but the war is won. Libya belongs to the rebels now, and the world waits to see what they’re going to do with it. By SIMON ALLISON.

The rebel advance on Tripoli, when it came, was swift. As the sun set over Tripoli on Sunday night, and the city’s residents sat to break the Ramadan fast, it began; a symphony of machine gun fire and explosions heralded the collapse of the regime which has ruled Libya for nearly half a century. Despite Gaddafi’s threats and bluster, despite the crack team of 65,000 soldiers he claimed were ready to defend him, the rebels secured most of the capital within hours. It’s unclear at this point what the body count was, but it’s likely to have been high. The… More

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Malawi

We don’t know why President Bingu wa Mutharika dissolved his entire cabinet, because he hasn’t bothered to tell anyone. Is he trying to meet the anti-government protestors demands, or is he just tired with maintaining the democratic façade? Either way, he’s missing the point. By SIMON ALLISON.

Dissolving an entire cabinet is an unusual move, especially in the middle of a presidential term. The last African president to try this tactic was Hosni Mubarak and it didn’t work out well for him. On Friday night Mutharika emulated the former Egyptian dictator, with whom he has a little too much in common as far as Malawi’s opposition is concerned, with a terse announcement on national TV which explained that all ministerial duties would revert to the president’s office. Opposition figures have been calling for the cabinet to be trimmed for some time, describing it as “bloated”, but 42… More

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Africa

As the US talks up a three-pronged al-Qaeda offensive in Africa, there’s a mismatch between the rhetoric and the reality. The links between Boko Haram, Al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb are tangential at best, and hardly surprising given that the violent Muslim extremist community internationally is a pretty small world. While the War on Terror rhetoric may be seductive, it won’t help us deal with these inherently local problems. By SIMON ALLISON.

The US general responsible for Africa led the charge on Wednesday. General Carter Ham, chief of the US Africa Command – yes, that’s the one based in Stuttgart, Germany, which is apparently close enough to Africa for the US to keep its fingers firmly on the pulse of the continent – told Associated Press what was keeping him awake at night. “What is most worrying at present is, at least in my view, a clearly stated intent by Boko Haram and by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb to coordinate and synchronise their efforts,” the general said. “I'm not so sure… More

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Europe, Africa

UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld died in a mysterious plane crash almost exactly 50 years ago. Now new evidence has been uncovered which seems to implicate the British in his death. By REBECCA DAVIS.

Hammarskjöld was en route to attempt to broker a ceasefire between UN forces and Congolese rebels on the night of 18 September 1962, when the plane carrying him crashed near Ndola, in what was then Northern Rhodesia. Almost immediately, the crash was treated as suspicious, with three successive inquiries failing to conclusively determine its cause. Hammarskjöld had made himself unpopular in certain quarters before his death. The Swedish diplomat and all-round good guy had been busy shepherding the Congo into independence, while Belgium and the UK were keen to hang on to their control of the country's copper industry. South… More

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Kenya, Uganda

It may sound like an ancient tale: two sovereign states that start an armed conflict over an insignificant speck of dirt. Not possible anymore? Think again. A tiny island in Lake Victoria is the object of a tug of war between Kenya and Uganda. By KHADIJA PATEL.

Lake Victoria, the largest of all African Lakes, is divided among the three east African countries. The northern half belongs to Uganda, the southern to Tanzania, and part of the north-eastern sector belongs to Kenya. This is, after all, the second widest freshwater body in the world. Schoolchildren in Uganda would promise to love each other, not until the end of time but until the mighty lake dries. It seemed unlikely that the lake would actually dry but then in the mid-nineties, the lake began to recede, revealing not only the caprice of young love but more significantly causing little… More

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Senegal

Mosquito nets treated with insecticide have been the simple solution behind the massive reduction in new malaria infection in Africa. But new research suggests that their protection might only be temporary as nature finds a way past them. By SIMON ALLISON.

Mosquito nets treated with insecticide are widely sold as the most effective method of malaria prevention, with the World Health Organisation estimating that when properly used, they can halve malaria rates. NGOs hand them out by the thousands, and no self-respecting Hollywood celebrity touches down on African soil without a few to give away in front of the cameras. But a new study published in medical journal The Lancet has cast doubt on just how effective the nets are in the long run. Researchers from Senegal’s Research Institute for Development, conducting a trial in a small village in Senegal, found… More

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Somalia, Turkey

Somalia might not be everyone’s first choice for a family holiday, but that’s exactly where Turkey’s PM is taking the wife and kid. The Turkish first family arrive in Mogadishu today, and bring with them R1 billion of food and supplies for famine relief. This is how to take the diplomatic initiative, and it just might represent the beginning of Turkey’s big push into Africa. By SIMON ALLISON.

Perhaps the most impressive aspect of Turkey’s new aggressive foreign policy is its ability to get things done. Wanting to make a fuss about Israel’s blockade of Gaza, it didn’t wait for the UN Security Council to stir itself into action, but organised the infamous Freedom Flotilla which lured Israel into perhaps its greatest diplomatic blunder. Even Hillary Clinton has told Israel to apologise for storming the ships stocked with humanitarian supplies. And seeing the situation in Syria was getting very ugly very quickly, Turkey immediately made provision for the influx of refugees which it knew were coming, hastily erecting… More

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Africa, Middle East

After minting it in Nigeria, MTN developed an appetite for big investments in what others would consider risky countries. Iran, at the time involved in a posturing contest with the US, seemed a safe bet as a place it would finally pay the price. The Arab Spring had other ideas, however, as its interim results show. BY PHILLIP DE WET.

MTN operates in some countries you wouldn't exactly describe as stable; Afghanistan, Côte d'Ivoire, Sudan and Swaziland come to mind. But for a company that now has more than 150 million subscribers, those can easily be lumped into the "other" category. If operations there ceased to exist, by the stroke of a government pen or the fall of artillery rounds, MTN could adjust its balance sheet a little and move on with nothing but a temporary blip in dividends. Other countries carry a little more risk and investment, and hope for the future, and for some time Iran seemed the most… More

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Somalia

While the UN shuffles to defend aid to Mogadishu despite the threat of theft, a South African military aircraft will deliver 18 tons of supplies to famine victims in Somalia this week. By KHADIJA PATEL.

Associated Press reported this week that vast quantities of food aid bearing stamps from the World Food Programme, the US government aid agency USAid, the Japanese government and the Kuwaiti government are for sale in Mogadishu markets. According to the report eight different sites were found to be selling thousands of sacks of food in bulk. Other food aid, according to the report was also for sale in numerous smaller stores. The United Nations’ World Food Programme, in response has rubbished the story, insisting the scale suggested by the AP report was simply implausible. Importantly, however, the UN does admit… More

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Malawi

A massive demonstration planned for today against the rule of Malawi’s President Bingu wa Mutharika was halted at the last minute as the UN stepped in to mediate. This is lucky for the president, who’s so unpopular at the moment that he can’t even give a bottle of beer away with causing trouble. But Mutharika’s not very good at compromise, and the demonstration organisers have stressed that mass action is still on the table. It’s not over yet. By SIMON ALLISON.

It looked like Malawi’s embattled president Bingu wa Mutharika just couldn’t catch a break. There's almost no petrol in his country, or foreign exchange. Britain and the USA have suspended aid to Malawi thanks to his shady governing practices. The Malawi Human Rights Commission, a government body, released a report yesterday accusing his police force of exercising excessive violence to quell the last round of protests in July, using live ammunition to kill 19 people and injure another 58. He’s facing a barrage of criticism, both internally and internationally, for his heavy-handed, autocratic and personality-driven policies, which include the recent… More

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Harare, Zimbabwe

General Solomon Mujuru, Zanu-PF stalwart and one of the most powerful men in Zimbabwe, was killed in a fire that destroyed his farm house outside Harare. Although no details of the fire have emerged, his death is being treated as suspicious by the public and media, conscious of his (and his wife’s) role in the party’s internal power struggles. Politicians are falling over themselves to pay tribute, but what they’re really wondering is what this means for Zanu’s future. By SIMON ALLISON.

Wealthy, powerful politicians (especially ones with enemies) shouldn’t die in plane crashes. Or car accidents. Or fires. No matter the official line, their deaths will always be shrouded in mystery. Did Samora Machel’s plane crash of its own accord, or was it helped down? Could the car that collided into Morgan Tsvangirai’s vehicle, killing his wife, have crashed into any other car or was it always intended for Tsvangirai? And now we ask a new question: was the fire that raged through Solomon Mujuru’s farm house on Monday night – the fire that killed the longtime Zanu-PF general, for decades… More

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South Sudan, Ethiopia

South Sudan’s flag was raised at the African Union for the first time on Monday. But the new country’s reception at the continental institution raises questions about just how new states can be created in Africa. The answers aren’t comforting. By SIMON ALLISON

South Sudan officially became Africa’s 54th country on Monday as the African Union welcomed the new state at a flag-raising ceremony at AU headquarters in Addis Ababa. Although enjoying the pomp and ceremony of being a proper country, South Sudan’s still got plenty of problems with which to deal starting with its still-undefined borders and ending … well, we can’t see an end to South Sudan’s problems any time soon. But the entry of the nascent state into the AU’s corridors of power is going to cause a few headaches for the AU too, especially from those African territories and… More

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Libya

Libya’s rebels claim to have tightened the noose on Gaddafi’s regime by taking the strategically important city of Zawiyah, just 50km west of Tripoli. Whoever controls Zawiyah controls the vital highway to Tunisia, leaving Tripoli virtually under siege, and Gaddafi exhibiting a siege mentality. It looks only a matter of time now. By SIMON ALLISON.

Libya’s had a long Arab Spring. While Tunisians and Egyptians were celebrating the downfall of their dictatorial presidents - and while Bahraini opposition figures were being ruthlessly crushed by a Saudi Arabia-sponsored crackdown - Libya’s rebels were digging in for the long haul. No dramatic departure by Gaddafi in the face of overwhelming opposition, no acknowledgement of the hopelessness of his cause, even when confronted with the condemnation of pretty much the whole world, backed up by a full-on Nato bombardment. Libya’s civil war has been going on for six months now, and it’s been a long, hard fight, for… More

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Libya, South Africa

There are very few places where embattled Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi could seek refuge. As he finds himself cornered in Tripoli unable to quell the wave of loyalists turning against him, South Africa seems marked to be Gaddafi’s next home. By KHADIJA PATEL.

Late Sunday night, Libya Free TV reported that two South African jets had been cleared to land in Tripoli, ready to ferry Gaddafi out of harm’s way and into the waiting arms of South Africa. Soon thereafter, Associated Press picked up the story fuelling expectation that what was deemed the “not very likely” was actually “about to happen”. It had not been a particularly bright weekend for Gaddafi. Rebel forces have wrested control of the coast both east and west of Tripoli placing them in the strongest position to challenge Gaddafi’s rule since the uprising began in March. There was… More

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Egypt

What every one of us considers our unalienable right, to update our own Facebook page, got a young Egyptian arrested. That would be the same Facebook that, with Twitter, was the main communication channel during Egypt's rise against President Mubarak. By KHADIJA PATEL.

Twenty six year old Egyptian blogger Asmaa Mahfouz has faced an Egyptian military prosecutor after she was called in for questioning for posting this comment on Facebook:  “If the judiciary doesn’t give us our rights, nobody should be surprised if militant groups appear and conduct a series of assassinations because there is no law and there is no judiciary. As long as there is no law and there is no justice, anything can happen, and nobody should be upset.” AFP reports the head of the military judicial authority, Major General Mahmud Morsi, said the blogger had overstepped the limits of… More

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South Africa

It's a system that has worked well for generations: Serving staff are paid a pittance, but take home cash tips from customers that, under the right circumstances, can make for a decent living. Take cash out of the equation, however, and things get tricky. By PHILLIP DE WET.

It was quite a coup for Beyond Payments, a unit of Standard Bank that plays with interesting new technology. Every visitor to the Oppikoppi music festival held earlier this month was issued with a tap-’n-go card (which uses near-field communications to complete transactions, much like a debit card, only faster) and forced to use it for the duration, because vendors weren't allowed to accept any cash. So thousands queued to buy their beer and food using cutting-edge cashless technology. And a large proportion of the bar and waiting staff walked off the job on the first day. Serving beer to… More

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Kenya

Not content with their R70,000-a-month salaries, Kenya’s MPs threw a sulk when they were told to pay tax like everyone else, threatening to cripple the government until they got what they wanted. Their bluff worked. By SIMON ALLISON.

The troubles began, as they so often do, with an unexpected letter from the taxman. The letter outlined exactly how much tax should be paid by Kenya’s elected members of parliament and The due date. The MPs were outraged. Traditionally, the corridors of Parliament House in Nairobi are a tax-free zone, with MPs given relief to bolster their not-insubstantial salaries of more than R70,000 a month. But this time, the representatives were caught out by their own efficiency, with Kenya’s recently promulgated constitution declaring that all state officials are liable to pay tax. This includes MPs, at least according to… More

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West Africa

Despite a massive naval presence in the Gulf of Aden and last week’s successful prosecution of five pirates behind the hijacking of a South African yacht, piracy is one of the world’s few booming industries in this global economic downturn. Attacks have increased over 2010, and now copycats in West Africa pose a whole new threat to international shipping. By SIMON ALLISON.

The trial in the Netherlands was a foregone conclusion. Five Somali pirates, caught on board the South African yacht they were trying to hijack, were found guilty of assorted charges of piracy and kidnapping, and sentenced to a rather lenient four to seven years in prison, thanks to the centuries-old sea law on which Dutch prosecutors were forced to rely, their modern government having never had to legislate against a pirate threat. The yacht in question, the SY Choizil, was making its way down the east African coast last year from Dar es Salaam to its home in Richards Bay… More

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Africa

South Africa’s diplomats didn’t get much of a weekend. After a rushed three day state visit to Burundi, where Jacob Zuma went on a lovely drive with their president and promised to donate some footballs, it was back to Pretoria on Saturday where international relations and co-operation minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane met her Tanzanian counterpart, Bernard Membe. No footballs for Tanzania, but we’re not reading too much into that. By SIMON ALLISON.

Jacob Zuma was only ever going to enjoy his trip to Burundi, where he enjoys an enviable reputation as peacemaker, and he came back in a good mood. “The Freedom Charter proclaims that there shall be peace and friendship!” was the excited opening to his presidential letter describing the trip, which he hailed as a feel-good visit to the country in which he played such a pivotal role, his mediation bringing an end to the vicious civil war there. In between signing cooperation deals on education, sports, trade and industry, and defence, Zuma had time to really take the pulse… More

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Mogadishu

To most of us Mogadishu is nothing more than nine letters on a page, an answer to a Trivial Pursuit question, a vague ethereal dusty sensation. Wasn’t it that place in that movie where they shot down the helicopter? And as indistinct as memory is, it is doubly so to think of fellow humans living, dreaming, fighting, hoping, dying there. But thanks to the incredible courage of aid workers and journalists, the factual and fantastical are made wrenchingly real for us. This is the second searing report by eNews Channel’s ROBYN KRIEL.

THE VACUUM-CLEANER KILLER  “I don’t know what he’s saying but he looks pissed off.” My cameraman, Meshack Dube, is peering through the viewfinder of his video camera at a visibly angry Somali man. He is shouting at us in the local language and angrily waving what appears to be the nozzle of a giant, industrial vacuum cleaner. He holds the rest of the gadget under his arm protectively, and, at one point, becomes so incensed that Mesh dared to film in his direction, that he puts down his precious cleaner and stalks towards us. This inspired one of the gaggle… More

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Cote d'Ivoire

It’s been four months to the day since Laurent Gbagbo emerged from his presidential bunker, stripped of power, stripped of dignity, his previously resplendent military uniform reduced to a dirty white vest. Although it took months, he comprehensively lost the battle of wills – and guns – between him and his old enemy, Alassane Ouattara. And now that Ouattara’s in charge, he’s doing what it takes to make sure he stays there. By SIMON ALLISON.

Alassane Ouattara, made to wait nearly six months to claim the electoral victory in Cote d’Ivoire that every international observer said was his, can’t be blamed for enjoying himself now. Basking in the glow of international approval, in his few months in power he’s made all the right noises and said all the right things. He’s gained the most plaudits from his charming rhetoric on justice and reconciliation, pledging that whoever committed atrocities should be punished, no matter what side they fought on, and that his government would be for all citizens, not just his supporters. “I am the president… More

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SADC

With only four years to go, achieving the SADC gender protocol's goals by 2015 seems like a long shot. Now that the barometer has added an index measuring empirical data we have some hard numbers to go on, but these don't always speak to women's lived experiences. By THERESA MALLINSON.

The South African Development Community protocol on gender and development was adopted on 17 August 2008. It has been signed by 14 of the 15 SADC countries, with Mauritius being the exception. Eight of these countries have ratified the protocol, and one more country is needed to do so for it to come into force. South Africa is not one of them, but home affairs minister Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, who delivered the keynote address at the launch of the SADC gender protocol barometer 2011 on Thursday evening, indicated this is in the works. The protocol has 28 targets to meet… More

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Uganda

In a ruling that might have come as a surprise to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, who likes to have a little more control, the country’s high court dismissed all charges against opposition leader Kizza Besigye, leaving him free to continue his highly disruptive anti-government protests. By SIMON ALLISON.

Besigye, leader of Uganda’s main opposition, was arrested in April and charged with whatever the government could think of. This included two charges of incitement to violence, one of disobeying lawful orders and one of rioting. The arrest came as Besigye led a mass protest movement against Museveni’s increasingly autocratic style, where anti-government demonstrators were encouraged to show their feelings by walking to work in solidarity with those who can’t afford transport. The protest attracted thousands of Ugandans, as well as a tough police crackdown – hundreds were injured and at least nine died as police used live ammunition to… More

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